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Building effective communication channels between the citizens heart attack urine proven 10 mg plendil, administration arrhythmia types ecg 10 mg plendil otc, and the political representative blood pressure zap nerves cheap 10 mg plendil overnight delivery. Citizens need to be brought into the loop of decision making as well as of its implementation blood pressure medication types purchase 10mg plendil with amex. The farther the government appears to be, the lesser effective will be its participatory avenues. Urban specific ill: A large populace enters the cities mostly as migrant workers, rickshaw pullers, and street vendors to earn a livelihood to sustain themselves and their families. They settle at the periphery of the cities as they find it economically viable and socially comfortable. The problem is aggravated when many a times criminals are traced to such settlements and they become the hub of all kinds of illegal activities thus eliminating any probabilities of their inclusion in the social set-up of the city life. Organized groups, gangsters, professional criminals and even youth and juveniles find crime as a short cut for a lavish life in these cities. Therefore the government needs to plan for their physical as well as social inclusion. Otherwise despite the availability of all physical and infrastructural comforts the quality of life of the city dweller will be persistently hampered by the unsatisfied, disgruntled, and discontented inhabitants of the periphery. Aristotle noted: wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking, for, it is merely useful, and for the sake of something else. So the challenge before the government is not to consider human development merely as an economic activity but to make livable areas inclusive, safer, humane and sustainable not only environmentally, but socially and culturally also. Spatial and Social Inequalities of Human Development; India in the Global Context, United Nations Development Programme (web edition). Urbanization to be the Process of Sustainable Development iii states/Union territories: 2001, at. Urbanization in India, A demographic reappraisal the Statesman, Festival Number, 1999. Urban Challenges in 21st Century India: Urbanization and its Impact on Environment and Infrastructure. This research study aims at synthesizing appropriate problem identification and prioritization methods with public participation through the review of literature and related research. The research findings show that there is a variety of problem identification and prioritization methods; however, in terms of forest policy in Thailand, there is not any method applied in forest management, which may cause ineffective problem solving. This study therefore synthesized four-step problem prioritization: selecting stakeholder representative, giving knowledge or educating stakeholders about the study areas, identifying problems, and prioritizing problems. Keywords: problem identification, problem prioritization, public participation, forest policy in Thailand the International Academic Forum It is the source of direct services such as food, freshwater, oxygen, medicine, as well as indirect services like climate regulation, waste purification, cultural services, and supporting services. However, these services have been decreased due to reduction of forest area worldwide: from 4. According to the survey by Seub Nakasathien Foundation, there was approximately 31. There were several factors causing the decrease of forest area in Thailand, including government policy formulation: 1) some policy formulation unintentionally allowed forest encroachment such as agricultural reform policy which put more pressure on forest area reduction, or policy that supports rubber plantation, which in turn encouraged farmers to deforest (Internal Security Operations Command, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2014; Pinthong, 1991), 2) policy formulation without problem prioritization; and 3) lack of public participation in policy process. Despite the policy directly affecting all people in the nation, it was done without prioritizing what problems were most significant. The policy was also based on authoritarianism and centralization with the lack of public participation (Sathansuk & Pattaratham, 2005), which caused inconsistency with reality and lack of effectiveness in solving problems when implementing the policy (Panyakul, 1993). In addition, it created conflicts and resource competition between people and government. Forest management policy should therefore involve public participation of true stakeholders to identify, analyze and prioritize problems. They should also collaboratively propose, analyze, and evaluate management schemes that can address and solve the problems. Problem identification and prioritization is the first vital step in obtaining effective forest management policy that addresses the real issues in the areas.
Soil moisture and other components of soil degradation For soil moisture arrhythmia blogs order genuine plendil online, there is scarce information related to past trends and future scenarios across ecosystems blood pressure chart tracker discount 2.5 mg plendil with mastercard. Some studies have focused on the variability and trends in soil moisture and drought characteristics blood pressure xls discount plendil 10mg. Globally and regionally hypertension juice recipe plendil 5mg on line, over the second half of the 20th century, results show an overall increase in global soil moisture. This overall increase was most pronounced over the western hemisphere and especially in North America, while West Africa has experienced significant drying. Europe appears to have not experienced significant changes in soil moisture, a trait shared by Southeast and southern Asia (Hamlet et al. For adequate soil restoration to take place, soil needs to be considered as a complex ecosystem that requires the manipulation of physical, chemical and biological components. Single-factor manipulations may in fact produce cascading effects on several ecosystem attributes and can result in unintended recovery trajectories. When complex outcomes are desired, intentional and holistic integration of all aspects of soil knowledge is necessary (Heneghan et al. There are three basic strategies that can help in restoring soil conditions: (i) minimizing losses from the pedosphere; (ii) creating a positive soil carbon budget, while enhancing biodiversity; and (iii) strengthening water and elemental cycling (Lal, 2015). A study conducted in the sub-tropical humid grasslands in South Africa indicated that the decline in grass (vegetative) cover from 100% to 0%-5% reduced the soil organic carbon pool by 1. A cost-benefit analysis showed that the implementation of anti-erosion measures, such as terracing, stone walls, grass margins, contour farming, reduced tillage, cover crops and plant residues, in severely erosion-prone agricultural areas could have economic benefits, on- and off-site, of 1. Good examples of reducing soil erosion using bio-engineering techniques with local communities can be found in Latin America (Petrone & Preti, 2013). In most cases the barriers to adoption are socioeconomic and cultural, rather than the absence of suitable soil management options. For instance, the issue of nutrient imbalance (simply stated as oversupply of nutrients to soils in developed countries and undersupply in other areas) of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia is particularly challenging (Foley et al. This would also involve decreases of yield in some regions and the authors acknowledge that such reduction could be politically and economically undesirable. The "4 per mile" initiative - which aims to increase soil organic carbon levels in global soils by 0. Such a target would be difficult to achieve, as many soils are not actively managed, although various studies have suggested that the sequestration of carbon by increasing soil organic carbon by 0. The overall contribution for agricultural-based greenhouse gas mitigation is considerable. However, the ecological role or impact of biochar, once it has eroded from soil or moved through a soil profile into watercourses, must be assessed (Biederman & Harpole, 2013; Rumpel et al. Finally, many studies assume that there will be no land clearance for biomass feedstock, indicating potential negative effects. While most biochar studies reporting agronomic benefits have been conducted in the tropics, biochar utilized in temperate soils has the potential to sequester carbon as well as restore soils through greater water retention (Atkinson et al. An investigation of composted biochar applied to loamy and sandy soil substrates did reveal greater plant yields proportional to the amount of added biochar (Schulz et al. The range indicates the effects of different levels of carbon pricing on adoption. Expansion of agriculture causes a considerable release of carbon into the atmosphere, and many studies. Hence, combining measures to increase soil organic carbon on degraded land and to sustainably increase crop yields on existing agricultural land is required. A potential carbon storage in the topsoil of croplands of roughly 80 Gt C could be created if innovative agricultural systems are developed that combine high yields with close-to-natural soil organic carbon levels. The major causes of future terrestrial biodiversity loss are expansions in land for crops, pasture and forestry, climate change, infrastructure development, nitrogen deposition, invasion by alien species and urban spread (well established). The impact of climate change on biodiversity will accelerate in all scenarios (established but incomplete).
However arteria tibialis anterior 2.5mg plendil with amex, welfare from the government sector is only a small part of the services needed by the elderly arrhythmia atrial tachycardia order plendil discount. The true need of the elderly is to live with their families in warm blood pressure chart who plendil 10 mg amex, loving atmospheres arteria interossea communis buy plendil us, in which they can do activities together with their offspring. If a family is a loving one, in which its members harmoniously live together, its elderly will have good mental and physical health. However, the family institution, which used to carry valuable social capital and had close connections to the clan system, which enabled 168 the Asian Conference on the Social Sciences 2016 Official Conference Proceedings the elderly to have effective roles in their families, especially the role of socialization of the younger generation to preserve culture and values, nowadays has become weaker and weaker. The quality of life of these elderly is very poor, since the breadwinners of their families have to live separately from them for economic reasons and, unfortunately, a number of their children cannot send money back home, since their wages or salaries are very low. They have security in their lives, and have good perception of their better quality of life (Robert & Krouse, 1988, as cited in Kumarnchan, 2000). In other words, the elderly who live among their children in loving families will have good quality of life (Friendman, 1986, as cited in Bhodhithawil, 2000). On the other hand, the elderly whose educational backgrounds are low will have poorer quality of life. As a whole, the elderly have 4 aspects of needs, namely: physical, mental, social, and economic needs (Yodpetch, 2009). The present researcher and his co-researcher have studied related literature and found that there are many factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly. Consequently, the researcher and his co-researcher wanted to study more about these factors, especially those related to the quality of life of the elderly living in the eastern part of Thailand, in which socio-economic development has rapidly changed the way of life of the people. By doing this, the researcher and his co-researcher positively expected to find that these elderly would be better taken care of, and that the Thai society, as a whole, would therefore have an appropriate model for elderly care in the long run. To study the level of the quality of life of the elderly living in the eastern provinces of Thailand in 4 aspects, namely: physical health, mental health, social, and spiritual aspects. Mental characteristics of the elderly, namely: attitude towards activity participation, the realization of self-dignity, motivation for activity participation, mental health, and the perception of self-capability. Needs factors of the elderly, namely: physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs, including needs for housing, intellectual and experiential development, and appropriate health services in the community. Model for elderly care, emphasizing elderly participation, community participation, and methods of elderly care. The population framework the population of this research were the elderly living in the eastern provinces, whose ages were above 60 years old. The timing framework Study occurred during October 2014-September 2015 Research methodologies the study of factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly in the eastern provinces used mixed methodologies of quantitative research and qualitative research. The tool used for quantitative data collection was a questionnaire, and the tools used for qualitative data collection were in-depth interviews and focus groups. The statistics used for quantitative data analysis were percentage, mean, and standard deviation, and the qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The population were male and female elderly people whose ages were above 60 years old, living in the eastern provinces of Thailand, comprised of Chonburi, Chachoengsao, Rayong, Chantaburi, and Trad. The sample group for quantitative data collection was obtained by using a Taro Yamane table. Then, the researchers used purposive random sampling according to the ratio between the sample size and the size of the populations in Chonburi, Chachoengsao, Rayong, Chantaburi, and Trad. The tools used for data collection the tool used for quantitative data collection was a set of questionnaires. The content of the questionnaires was comprised of 5 sections as follows: Section 1 was a questionnaire that inquired about personal data on gender, age, the number of family members, physical health conditions, economic status, social status, family relationships, and the capability of the elderly caregivers. Section 2 was a questionnaire that inquired about mental characteristics data about the elderly, and comprised of attitude towards activity participation, and mental health. Section 3 was a questionnaire that inquired about needs factors of the elderly, comprised of physical, psychological, social, economic, intellectual and experiential development, and community health service needs. Section 4 was a questionnaire that inquired about opinions regarding the elderly care model, comprised of: the model of elderly participation, and the methods of elderly care. Section 5 was a questionnaire that inquired about elderly satisfaction in the physical health, mental health, social relationships, and spiritual aspects. They hoped that they could do their normal daily activities for a long time and would not have to depend on other people Mental characteristics of the elderly the elderly had good attitudes towards activities organized by government agencies, private sectors, and communities.
Suprascapular (above the spine of the scapula) A type of tympanitic note which can be produced by clasping the moist hands loosely together and striking it against the knee arrhythmia young adults order plendil 5mg with visa. Percussion on the Right Side Liver dullness can be percussed from the right 5th intercostal space downwards in the midclavicular line up to the right costal margin blood pressure newborn buy cheap plendil 10 mg line. If on deep inspiration pulse blood pressure chart 10mg plendil mastercard, the previous dull note in the fifth right intercostal space on the mid clavicular line becomes resonant heart attack 90 year old best order plendil, it indicates that the dullness was due to the liver, which had been pushed down by the right hemidiaphragm with deep inspiration. If the dullness persists on the other hand, it indicates underlying right sided parenchymal or pleural pathology, in the absence of diaphragmatic paralysis. Shifting Dullness this is done to demonstrate the shift of fluid in pleural effusion and hydropneumothorax. In hydropneumothorax shifting occurs immediately, whereas it is very slow in case of pleural effusion. The immediate shift of fluid can be demonstrated by the dull area percussed in the axilla in the sitting posture, becoming resonant on lying down on the healthy side. One school of thought is that, this phenomenon is due to capillary suction between the two layers of the pleura, drawing the fluid up maximally in the axillary region. Another school of thought is that this phenomenon is only a radiological illusion. Then connect the two lines above from the left 6th costochondral junction to the 9th rib in mid axillary line and below along the left costal margin. As most normal lung sounds are low pitched, the bell is normally preferred over the diaphragm. Stretching of the skin under the diaphragm during breathing is apt to produce scratching sound similar to a pleural rub. Avoid auscultation within 2-3 cm from the midline in the upper part of the chest, since breath sounds in these areas may normally have a bronchial character d. If the chest is hairy, moisten the chest wall with water and apply the chest piece tightly to avoid sounds produced by the friction with hair. Special Features of Clinical Importance Percussion Tenderness It is present in empyema and inflammation of parietal pleura. When abnormal breath sounds are heard, the extent to which the abnormal sound is heard should be 216 Manual of Practical Medicine mapped from normal to abnormal zone. In case of patient with pleural pain, it is better to test vocal resonance and to avoid frequent deep breathing. It helps differentiate coarse crepitation and low pithced rhonchi from pleural rub. Coughing does not alter pleural rub, but may alter the character of rhonchi and crackles. Above the level of pleural effusion (in a partially collapsed lung with a patent bronchus). Cavernous They are low pitched and heard in the presence of thickwalled cavity with a communicating bronchus. Amphoric They are low pitched, with a high tone and a metallic quality and present in: a. Breath Sounds Breath sounds are produced by vibrations of the vocal cords due to turbulent flow of air. Vesicular Breath Sound It is low pitched, rustling in nature and is produced by attenuating and filtering effect of the lung parenchyma. Duration of the inspiratory phase is longer than the expiratory phase in a ratio of 3: 1. Bronchial Breath Sound It is produced by passage of air through the trachea and large bronchi, heard over an area of diseased, airless or consolidated lung interposed between the bronchi and chest wall. The duration of inspiration is shortened whereas that of expiration is prolonged and sometimes the duration of inspiration and expiration are equal. Pleural effusion (massive) Thickened pleura (fibrothorax) Collapsed lung or lobe when bronchus is occluded Pneumothorax Near fatal asthma (silent chest) Pneumonectomy Agenesis of lung.
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