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The development anxiety early pregnancy 25 mg doxepin amex, enhancement anxiety 8 months pregnant discount doxepin 10 mg on-line, and reinforcement of this brand imagery are primary objectives of tobacco promotion anxiety eating disorder discount 25mg doxepin fast delivery. Tobacco companies have designed their communications of brand image to use principles relating to message repetition anxiety 4 year old boy purchase doxepin 25 mg with amex, consistency, and relevance to a contemporary audience. The key rationales cited for implementing a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising and promotion include (1) the health consequences of tobacco use (including addiction); (2) the deceptive or misleading nature of several tobacco promotional campaigns; (3) the unavoidable exposure of youth to these campaigns; (4) the role of tobacco advertising and promotion in increasing tobacco use in the population, especially among youth; (5) the targeting of "at-risk" populations, including youth, women, and ethnic and racial minorities, through advertising and promotion; (6) the failure of the tobacco industry to effectively self-regulate its marketing practices; and (7) the ineffectiveness of partial advertising bans. Substantial evidence exists from the United States and several other countries that the tobacco industry does not effectively self-regulate its marketing practices. These responses include shifting promotional expenditures from "banned" media to "permitted" media (which may include emerging technologies and "new" media), changing the types and targets of advertising in permitted media, using tobacco-product brand names for nontobacco products and services, and availing themselves of imprecise clauses in the legislative text of the bans that allow them to continue to promote their products. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General. Discrepancies in cigarette brand sales and adult market share: Are new teen smokers filling the gap The tobacco industry and underage youth smoking: Tobacco industry documents from the Minnesota litigation. Targeting tactics in selling smoke: Youthful aspects of 20th century cigarette advertising. Targeting youth and concerned smokers: Evidence from Canadian tobacco industry documents. Intertextuality, tobacco sponsorship of sports, and adolescent male smoking culture: A selective review of tobacco industry documents. Adults only: the prevalence of tobacco promotions in bars and clubs in the Boston area. How effective are tobacco industry bar and club marketing efforts in reaching young adults Tobacco and alcohol billboards in 50 Chicago neighborhoods: Market segmentation to sell dangerous products to the poor. Culture and consumption: New approaches to the symbolic character of consumer goods and activities. In Risks associated with smoking cigarettes with low machinemeasured yields of tar and nicotine (Smoking and tobacco control monograph no. One size does not fit all: How the tobacco industry has altered cigarette design to target consumer groups with specific psychological and psychosocial needs. In the Proceedings of the 2001 Conference of the American Academy of Advertising, ed. Using tobacco-industry marketing research to design more effective tobacco-control campaigns. Advertising repetition and variation strategies: Implications for understanding attitude strength. The impact of ad repetition and ad content on consumer perceptions of incongruent extensions. Effects of brand logo complexity, repetition, and spacing on processing fluency and 91 3. The 22 immutable laws of branding: How to build a product or service into a world-class brand. The role of expectancy and relevancy in memory for verbal and visual information: What is incongruency The role of spokescharacters as advertisement and cues in integrated marketing communications. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center 142. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: A report of the Surgeon General. Proposed identification of environmental tobacco smoke as a toxic air contaminant. Exorcising the ghost of cigarette advertising past: Collusion, regulation, and fear advertising.
In addition anxiety symptoms grinding teeth order online doxepin, it is easy to see that the various Marlboro promotional efforts collectively communicate a cohesive and powerful message anxiety symptoms aspergers discount doxepin 25mg visa. For tobacco companies such as Philip Morris anxiety 33625 order on line doxepin, regulated restrictions on access to different media further compelled seeking a variety of nontraditional media (making use of emerging technologies and new media) anxiety symptoms without anxiety doxepin 25 mg fast delivery. The Role of the Media the Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act in the United Kingdom prohibits tobacco advertising in the print media and on billboards as well as by direct mail and other promotions, effective in 2003. The act also banned tobacco sponsorship of sporting events (other than international events) in July of that year, and tobacco sponsorship of Formula One motor racing ended in July 2005. Broadly, they included the following requirements: Youth: Advertisements were not to be designed or presented in a way which had a greater appeal to those under 18 than to the general public. Advertisements were not to play on the susceptibilities of the immature or vulnerable nor were they to feature heroic, cult or fashionable figures in a way that might appeal to the young. In the 1995 edition of the Codes, the rules were tightened to prohibit humour being used to attract young people. Health, context and environment: Advertisements were not to suggest that smoking was safe, popular, natural, healthy or necessary for relaxation and concentration. Cigarettes were not to be shown in the mouth and smoking was not to be associated with healthy eating or a wholesome life-style. Social success: Advertisements were not to link smoking with people who were evidently wealthy, successful or fashionable or who possessed other qualities that might command admiration or encourage emulation. They were not to claim or imply that smoking was a sign of masculinity or that it enhanced feminine charm. Nor were they to imply a link between smoking and social, sexual, romantic or business success. Promotions: Advertisements for coupon brands were not to feature products unless those products could be obtained through the redemption of coupons collected over a reasonable period of average consumption. Silk Cut and Benson & Hedges (sold in the United Kingdom by Gallaher Group Plc), as well as Marlboro, were the most notable brands employing surreal advertising. Key Principles of Promotion and Rationales for Regulation Surreal advertisements for Benson & Hedges showing cigarettes curled by a curling iron (above) and an oversized cigarette box buried on a rocky beach (right) that cigarettes were being promoted was the government-mandated health warning shown at the bottom of the ad. Another [ad in 1980] showed it being carried away by ants as if it were something dead. A B&H ad in the 1990s showed "a dentist with a perverse grin who has just pulled a gold tooth. The first advertisement in this series "showed a pool of silk gathered in a dreamy haphazard way-and cut with a significant slit. Other ads in the campaign were described in the Wall Street Journal as follows: One award-winning ad shows a row of scissors dancing the cancan in purple silk skirts. One showed strips of purple silk falling from the holes of giant, building-like cheese graters, resembling a ticker-tape parade. The Role of the Media Surreal advertisements for Silk Cut cigarettes (above and right) Surreal advertisements for Marlboro cigarettes also appeared in the United Kingdom, typically showing one prominent item in red within an otherwise black-and white scene that one might expect to find in "Marlboro Country". As in the case of many of the surreal ads for Silk Cut and B&H, many of these Marlboro ads did not show cigarettes or depict smoking. Although some of the ads proclaimed "Welcome to Marlboro Country,"127 other ads had no obvious connection to cigarettes, except for the health warning at the bottom of the ads. One surreal Marlboro ad, for example, showed a red river flowing through the valley of a broad and desolate canyon. Another showed a bright red motorcycle alongside a bleak and deserted country road. They may have been designed to achieve one or more of the following goals: (1) to get noticed in a "noisy" marketing environment; (2) to engage the viewer in attempting to discern the meaning of the ad; (3) to affirm the intelligence of the viewer who solves the riddle of the ad; (4) to evoke humor; (5) to elicit feelings of eroticism, violence, or death; and (6) to influence smoking behavior and attitudes toward smoking while navigating through or around the provisions of the Cigarette Code. To be successful, an advertisement must break through the cluttered sensory environment in modern society to get noticed. The average consumer is exposed to about 2 million brand messages each year across all media channels.
Although the 1996 survey was not a true preprogram survey anxiety yellow stool discount doxepin 25mg amex, the changes between the two surveys were notable anxiety young adults discount 10mg doxepin with visa. Whether the decline in prevalence was due to national or regional influences rather than to the state tobacco control program could not be established without data from a comparison group of states anxiety or ms buy cheap doxepin on line. Oregon Voters in Oregon also approved an initiative increasing the excise tax on cigarettes anxiety joint pain generic doxepin 10mg line. Cigarette sales data from Oregon were compared with the United States as a whole, excluding California, Massachusetts, and Arizona. In the baseline period before program onset, per capita cigarette sales decreased 2. Adult smoking prevalence, as estimated from the cross-sectional Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, indicated a decline of 6. New York City Although New York City is not a state, its population is larger than that of many U. Between 2002 and 2003, the city undertook a number of tobacco control activities, including a large increase ($1. Many smokers, especially those with lower incomes, reported that they had tried to quit or had cut down the number of cigarettes they smoked per day. Furthermore, nearly half the population reported reduced exposure to secondhand smoke. Although the proportion of cigarettes reportedly purchased outside the city increased by nearly one-third, city tax revenue increased by a factor of 10. However, tax avoidance practices such as city residents purchasing outside the city, or nonresidents bringing cigarettes into the city instead of purchasing them while there, meant that the reported average price paid per pack increased just 20% instead of the 32% expected in the absence of such behavior. Because the decline in smoking prevalence in New York City appeared to level off by 2005, an intensive mass media campaign was planned to augment a statewide media campaign planned for January through October of 2006. No new additional tobacco control efforts were undertaken either by the state or by the city during this period. Unless statewide or nationwide secular trends show a decline of similar magnitude during this period (data not yet available), this study suggests that a wellfunded, intensive antitobacco mass media campaign can have an effect in the setting Monograph 19. One community of each pair was then randomly assigned (to the extent possible, as determined by media markets) to the intervention condition. Within the intervention communities, newly designed radio and television spots were placed on stations with predominantly AfricanAmerican adult audiences. Copies of these spots were also disseminated through community-based organizations. During the campaign, African Americans made 82% of the calls in the intervention communities but only 26% of the calls in the control communities. Call volume for African Americans fell to near baseline levels just before the second wave of the campaign, but during the second wave, call volume for African Americans increased to 40. Slightly more of the African Americans said their calls were prompted by radio spots than by television. Enrollment in Quit Centre programs at Sydney Hospital also was higher 533 Media and Calls to Cessation Information Centers and Quitlines Mass media messages have sometimes been "tagged" with phone numbers for interested viewers to call for information about cessation services or to get cessation help directly. It can be argued that prompting a smoker to make a call for information or help is a behavioral outcome for a media campaign. Quitlines can be an effective mode for the delivery of cessation services for a number of reasons, including accessibility and convenience to the smoker. This campaign appeared to be effective in prompting smokers who possibly already were motivated to take an action that might help them quit. An estimated 63% of the television-viewing audience saw a tagged announcement, but no 12. Since 1994, the Health Education Authority for England has funded a mass media campaign aimed at getting smokers to quit. Although the quitline receives about one-half million calls per year, more than 70% of calls occurred during the three months of the advertising campaign. In 2004, quitline call volume increased fourfold compared with the average, coincident with the media blitz associated with the United Kingdom No Smoking Day. In periods when media use was minimal, a higher proportion of callers cited other sources of referral to the helpline.
Experimental removals of Chinese privet in the riparian forests of the southeastern Piedmont have produced positive responses in the abundance anxiety symptoms gad buy doxepin us, diversity anxiety 24 hours a day purchase 75mg doxepin, and/or growth of numerous taxonomic groups anxiety symptoms on the body buy genuine doxepin line, including native herbaceous plants anxiety 4am order doxepin 75mg without a prescription, trees, pollinators, and earthworms (Hudson et al. Although Chinese privet can be managed using chemical and mechanical treatments, they root sprout readily, and seeds are widely dispersed by birds and other animals, promoting site reinfestations and range expansion. A lace bug, Leptoypha hospital, shows promise as a biological control agent, which could provide more efficient long-term control in natural systems (Zhang et al. Common Water Hyacinth Common water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a free-floating, aquatic vascular plant native to South America that has been introduced into freshwater environments in more than 50 countries and five continents (Villamagna and Murphy 2010). The plant reproduces both sexually and asexually and forms dense interlocking mats that block light penetration into subsurface water. Population growth is exponential; a single plant can increase to 500,000 plants within 5 months, covering an acre of water surface and weighing 400 tons (Gettys 2014). Water hyacinth growth inhibits photosynthesis of phytoplankton and submerged vegetation, reduces dissolved oxygen concentrations, alters fish diets through effects on prey species, and severely restricts boating access, navigability, and recreational opportunities (Villamagna and Murphy 2010). Several insect biological control agents have been released to control water hyacinth in the Southeastern United States, and although these have not provided complete control in Florida (Gettys 2014), recent analyses indicate they have been very effective in Louisiana (Nesslage et al. The species is also managed by intensive chemical or mechanical techniques (Gettys 2014). Water hyacinth tolerates a range of pH, temperature, and nutrient conditions and thrives in certain polluted environments; as such, there is considerable interest in its use for phytoremediation of waters containing excessive nitrogen, heavy metals, and other aquatic pollutants (Alvarado et al. Old World and Japanese Climbing Ferns Introduced as an ornamental plant, Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum) is a twining, vine-like fern that has spread rapidly in natural areas of South and Central Florida since the 1960s. It produces fronds up to 30 m long that spread along the ground, as well as up and over shrubs, mature trees, and other structures. These fronds form mats of vegetation over 1 m thick that smother, shade, weaken, or kill native vegetation, including native orchids, ferns, and other rare plants found only in unique South Florida ecosystems such as the Everglades. The fronds also act as ladder fuels that carry fire into tree canopies, thereby spreading fire in swamps and other wet areas that would otherwise function as fire boundaries. A partnership known as the Central Florida Lygodium Strategy is working to stop the northward spread of Old World climbing fern by monitoring and treating sentinel sites (Langeland et al. A related species with greater frost tolerance, Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) has a wider invasive range, including at least nine southeastern States from Texas to Florida and north to North Carolina. Japanese climbing fern is an economic and regulatory problem for the pine straw industry because the plant is spread via the baling and sale of needles raked from the understory of pine stands (Van Loan 2006). Control of both Old World and Japanese climbing ferns currently relies heavily on herbicides, but a biological control program for the former is being pursued using defoliating and galling insects from the native range (Langeland et al. Chinese Tallow Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) is a tree species that produces colorful foliage and white waxy seeds that has been cultivated in China for at least 15 centuries. Introduced to the United States by Benjamin Franklin in 1772, it is valued for numerous practical and economic uses, including seed oil and fat production, medicinal compounds, and biofuel, and as an ornamental. Chinese tallow was promoted commercially in Louisiana and Texas in the early 1900s and has naturalized rapidly throughout the Southeast through repeated introductions, ornamental plantings, and natural spread. Chinese tallow has been increasingly recognized as an invasive species since the 1990s, due to its large seed loads, rapid growth, aggressive response to disturbance, and habitat adaptability. In riparian and floodplain forests, Chinese tallow forms monoculture stands void of other woody vegetation and with less biodiversity. There are promising candidate insects for biological control of Chinese tallow, including two from Asia that are under evaluation and one that is naturalized in the invaded range (Duncan et al. Invasive Forest Insects and Plant Pathogens There are numerous historic and contemporary examples of invasive insects and pathogens causing substantial tree mortality in the continental Southeast, across a wide range of host plant taxa. Invasive forest insects and pathogens are particularly challenging to manage due to their high rates of 430 Appendix: Regional Summaries reproduction, the ease of spreading them through the transport of wood products and nursery stock, the impracticality (and potential environmental costs) of applying pesticides in forested areas, and their ability to persist in the environment long-term. Management issues and research needs regarding invasive forest insects and disease pathogens are addressed by a diversity of Federal, State and local governments, universities, and private entities throughout the Southeast and are represented by groups such as the Forest Health Committee of the Southern Group of State Foresters and the Southern Forest Insect Work Conference. Although not comprehensive, below are some of the invasive insect and disease issues of management importance in the continental Southeast region of the United States.
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Why anxiety symptoms dry mouth discount doxepin 25 mg on line," he asks anxiety symptoms blurred vision purchase doxepin 25mg amex, "are the public spaces for cars deemed more important than the public spaces for children Some cities in industrial and developing countries alike are dramatically increasing urban mobility by moving away from the car anxiety symptoms in toddlers doxepin 25mg mastercard. Jaime Lerner anxiety symptoms 7 months after quitting smoking order 25 mg doxepin with amex, when he was mayor of Curitiba, Brazil, pioneered the design and adoption of an alternative transportation system that is inexpensive and commuter-friendly. Although 60 percent of the people own cars, busing, biking, and walking totally dominate, accounting for 80 percent of all trips in the city. But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city. After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility. But it was the internal combustion engine combined with cheap oil that provided mobility for people and freight that fueled the phenomenal urban growth of the twentieth century. Cities require a concentration of food, water, energy, and materials that nature cannot provide. Collecting these masses of materials and later dispersing them in the form of garbage, sewage, and pollutants in air and water is challenging city managers everywhere. Early cities relied on food and water from the surrounding countryside, but today cities often depend on distant sources for basic amenities. Los Angeles, for example, draws much of its water from the Colorado River, some 600 miles away. Beijing is planning to draw water from the Yangtze River basin some 800 miles away. While the city still gets its rice from the highly productive farmers in Japan, with their land carefully protected by government policy, its wheat comes largely from the Great Plains of North America and from Australia. Rising oil prices will affect cities, but they will affect even more the suburbs that surround them. The growing scarcity of water and the high energy cost of transporting it over long distances may begin to constrain the growth of some cities. Against this backdrop, Richard Register, author of Ecocities: Rebuilding Cities in Balance with Nature, says it is time to fundamentally rethink the design of cities. He goes even further, talking about pedestrian cities-communities designed so that people do not need cars because they can walk or take public transportation wherever they need to go. Register says that a city should be seen as a functioning system not in terms of its parts but in terms of its whole. He also makes a convincing case that cities should be integrated into local ecosystems rather than imposed on them. As oil prices rise, urban fruit and vegetable production will expand into vacant lots and onto rooftops. Cities can largely live on recycled water that is cleaned and used again and again. The "flush and forget" water system will become too costly for many water-short cities after oil production peaks. Rails are geographically fixed, providing a permanent means of transport that people can count on. Once in place, the nodes on such a system become the obvious places to concentrate office buildings, high-rise apartment buildings, and shops. Whether the best fit is underground rail, light-rail surface systems, or both depends in part on city size and geography. Singapore, long a leader in urban transport innovation, was one of the first to tax vehicles entering the city center. This system has reduced the number of automobiles in Singapore, providing its residents with both more mobility and cleaner air. In London-where until recently the average speed of an automobile was comparable to that of a horse-drawn carriage a century ago-a congestion fee was adopted in early 2003. With the revenue from the congestion fee being used to upgrade and expand public transit, Londoners are steadily shifting from cars to buses, the subway, and bicycles. Since the congestion charge was adopted, the daily flow of cars and minicabs into central London during peak hours has dropped by 36 percent while the number of bicycles has increased by 66 percent. Other cities now considering similar measures include San Francisco, Turin, Genoa, Kiev, Dublin, and Auckland.