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Climate Part of the East Asian monsoonal region diabetes in yorkie dogs purchase glipizide 10mg fast delivery, South Korea has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons blood sugar sex magik tab 10mg glipizide visa. Because of its southern and seagirt location blood glucose 95 order glipizide 10 mg online, Cheju Island has warmer and milder weather than other parts of South Korea diabetes type 2 kidney problems order 10 mg glipizide fast delivery. Rarely does less than 75 centimeters of rain fall in any given year; for the most part, rainfall is over 100 centimeters. Serious droughts occur about once every eight years, especially in the riceproducing southwestern part of the country. South Korea is less vulnerable to typhoons than Japan, Taiwan, From one to three typhoons can be expected per year. Typhoons usually pass over South Korea in late summer, especially in August, and bring torrential rains (see fig. In September 1984, record floods caused the deaths of 190 people and left 200,000 homeless. This disaster prompted the North Korean government to make an unprecedented offer of humanitarian aid in the form of rice, medicine, clothes, and building materials. South Korea accepted these items and distributed them the east coast of China, or the Philippines. Population different Asian peoples had migrated to Korean Peninsula in past centuries, very few have remained permanentiy. In South Korea, people of foreign origin, including Westerners, Chinese, and Japanese, were a small percentage of the population, whose residence was generally temporary. Like their Japanese neighbors, Koreans tend to equate nationality or citizenship with membership in a single, homogeneous ethnic group or "race" (minjok, in Although a variety of the Korean). Average Annual Rainfall Against the background of ethnic homogeneity, however, sigWithin South Korea, the most important regional difference is between the Kyongsang region, embracing North Kyongsang and South Kyongsang provinces in the southeast, and the Cholla region, embracing North Cholla and South Cholla provinces in the southwest. The two regions, separated by the Chiri Massif, nurture a rivalry said to reach back to the Three Kingdoms Period, which lasted from the fourth century nificant regional differences exist. As a result, Kyongsang has been a special beneficiary of government development assistance. By contrast, the Cholla region has remained comparatively rural, undeveloped, and poor. Chronically disaffected, its people righdy or wrongly have a reputation for rebelliousness. Regional bitterness was intensified by the May 1980 Kwangju incident, in which about 200 and perhaps many more inhabitants of the capital of South Cholla Province were killed by government troops sent to quell an insurrection. Many of the troops reportedly were from the Kyongsang region (see Students in 1980, ch. Regional stereotypes, like regional dialects, have been breaking down under the influence of centralized education, nationwide media, and the several decades of population movement since the Korean War. Population Trends population of South Korea has grown rapidly since the first official census, taken in 1949, the total population of South Korea was calculated at 20,188,641 people. Population growth was slow, averaging about 1 1 percent annually during the period from 1949 to 1955, when the population registered at 21. Thereafter, the annual average growth rate was estimated to be less than 1 percent, similar to the low growth rates of most industrialized countries and to the target figure set by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs for the 1990s. As of January 1, 1989, the population of South Korea was estimated to be approximately 42. The proportion of the total population under fifteen years of age has risen and fallen with the growth rate. The decline in the population growth rate and in the proportion of people under fifteen years of age after 1966 reflected the success of official and unofficial birth control programs. The government of President Syngman Rhee (1948-60) was conservative in such matters. Although Christian churches initiated a family planning campaign in 1957, it was not until 1962 that the government of Park Chung Hee, alarmed at the way in which the rapidly increasing population was undermining economic growth, began a nationwide family planning program. Other factors that contributed to a slowdown in population growth included urbanization, later marriage ages for both men and women, higher education levels, a greater number of women in the labor force, and better health standards (see Public Health and Welfare, this ch. Public and private agencies involved in family planning included the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea, and the Korea Institute of Family Planning. In the late 1980s, their activiincluded distribution of free birth control devices and information, classes for women on family planning methods, and the granting of special subsidies and privileges (such as low-interest housing loans) to parents who agreed to undergo sterilization. There ties 78 the Society and Its Environment were 502,000 South Koreans sterilized in 1984, as compared with 426,000 in the previous year.
They diabetes kidney pain generic 10mg glipizide free shipping, on the other hand diabetes mellitus type 3 10 mg glipizide otc, never flew unless the sun was shining diabetes symptoms legs and feet buy cheap glipizide 10mg on-line, and I said type 2 diabetes juice fasting purchase glipizide 10 mg otc, `Well, if I have to die it might as well be on a nice clear day. At first the airmail contractors desperately needed pilots like Huber, but later, when flying became a little more routine, they no longer had the need for such expertise. After American gobbled up Thompson, Huber was just another pilot-and a union member, at that. Now retired and living in California, he can still remember the devastating effect of being fired with out just cause. Turner, a previous winner of the Air Mail Pilot Medal of Honor, declined reinstatement in order to pursue other business opportunities. The Braniff brothers took over the Post Office airmail routes, but not the pilots. Kay found another airline job after a long period of unemployment, but George Hays had no luck. That was embarrass ing enough, but even worse was the humiliating fact that Hays had to fall back on his parents for support at the age of 28. He feared that standing up for his legal rights had caused other airlines to blacklist him and that he would never be able to find another flying job. One day George Hays went out to his car, sat down in the front seat, and shot himself through the head. The airline business was highly political, unable to survive in those days without direct govern ment subsidy, and Behncke (who was from Chicago, after all) knew about the role clout played. As Behncke began to take his first, halting steps toward representing pilots in Washington, D. Behncke was a quick study at the game of politics, learning to play it masterfully over the years. Airline bosses hated him for that, especially Eddie Rickenbacker, who bore an ancient grudge against him and had once tried to punch him out. A nasty situation had developed at National in 1945, following the dismissal of a pi lot for questionable reasons. Baker had been abusing them for some time, so they went on strike; the National pilots naturally felt sympathy for them. Ted Baker provoked it, and there is strong evidence that he had the tacit approval of other airlines. The spectacle of uniformed airline pilots carrying placards, handing out leaflets, and talking on any local radio show that would have them was un usual, but how could it compete with Milton Berle on the hot new medium of television The new pilots working for National wore uniforms just like the old pilots, though of a different color. In short order, Baker had fleshed out his crews with a full complement of strikebreakers, and it was pretty much business as usual. Behncke, already slowing down from the heart condition that would eventually kill him, backed Truman and the Democrats in 1948 against all odds. When it was over, and Truman had pulled the greatest upset in American political history, Behncke looked wiser than a tree full of owls. The Southern strike of 1960 was no mere local dispute, despite the fact that Southern was a local service carrier. It employed more pilots in 1960 than National had in 1948, and there were other local service carriers that were even bigger. The Southern strikers formally endorsed him after Richard Nixon crossed their picket lines. The crucial vote was along straight party lines, three Democrats to two Republicans. Susemihl, former Southern master executive council chairman, "neither I nor any other Southern pilot would ever have worked again. They were interesting times, but it is well to remember that interesting times are usually gutwrenchingly grim to live through. Modern air line pilots owe it to themselves to know their own history-warts and all. P"), in charge of organizing the Omahabased pilots of Boeing Air Transport, was one of sev eral very nervous young men who had made that meeting possible. They are old men now, mostly in their 80s, and the state of their health varies, as does the clarity of their memories.
The number of live births diabetic diet 2014 order discount glipizide online, recorded as 711 diabetes symptoms skin rash best buy for glipizide,810 in 1978 different diabetes medications buy 10mg glipizide free shipping, grew to a high of 917 diabetes test strips medicare part b buy generic glipizide 10mg online,860 in 1982. This development stirred apprehensions among family planning experts of a new "baby boom. Given the size and age structure of the population in 1990, however, substantial increases are expected over the next few decades. The population is expected to stabilize (that is, cease to grow) in the year 2023 at around 52. By comparison, China had an estimated 1 14 people, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) 246 people, and Japan 323 people per square kilometer in the late 1980s. Because of continued migration to urban areas, the figure was doubtless higher in the late 1980s. In 1988 Seoul had a population density of 17,030 people per square kilometer as compared with 13,816 people per square kilometer in 1980. The second largest city, Pusan, had a density of 8,504 people per square kilometer in 1988 as compared with 7,272 people in 1980. The extreme crowding in South Korea in 1990 was a major factor not only in economic development and in the standard of living but also in the development of social attitudes and human relationships. More than most other peoples, South Koreans have had to learn to live peacefully with each other in small, crowded spaces, in which the competition for limited resources, including space itself, is intense. Continued population growth means that the shortage of space for living and working will grow more severe. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Seoul, by far the largest urban settlement, had a population of about 190,000 people. There was a striking contrast with Japan, where Edo (Tokyo) had as many as 1 million inhabitants and the urban population comprised as much as 10 to 15 percent of the total during the Tokugawa Period (1600-1868). During the closing years of the Choson Dynasty and the first years of Japanese colonial rule, the urban population of Korea was no more than 3 percent of the total. After 1930, when the Japanese began industrial development on the Korean Peninsula, particularly in the northern provinces adjacent to Manchuria, the urban portion of the population began to grow, reaching 11. In 1988 the Economic Planning Board estimated that the 81 South Korea: A Country Study 1955 21,526,374 All other cities 12. Rural and Urban Population Distribution, Selected Years, 1955-85 82 the Society and Its Environment 1980 37,448,836 1985 40,466,577 83 South Korea: A Country Study urban portion of the population of the twentieth century. Most of this urban increase was attributa- ble to migration rather than to natural growth of the urban popu- Urban birth rates have generally been lower than the national average. The extent of urbanization in South Korea, however, is not fully revealed in these statistics. Urban population was defined in the national census as being restricted to those municipalities with 50,000 or more inhabitants. Although many settlements with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants were satellite towns of Seoul or other large cities or mining communities in northeastern Kangwon Province, which would be considered urban in terms of the living conditions and occupations of the inhabitants, they still were officially classified as rural. By the late 1960s, migration had become a serious problem, not only because cities were terribly overcrowded, but also because the rural areas were losing the most youthful and productive members of their labor force. In the early 1970s, the Park Chung Hee government launched the Saemaul undong (New Community Movement) as a rural reconstruction and self-help movement to improve economic conditions in the villages, close the wide gap in income between rural and urban areas, and stem urban migration as well as to build a political base. Despite a huge amount of government- sponsored publicity, especially during the Park era, it was not clear by the late 1980s that the Saemaul undong had achieved its objectives. By that time many, if not most, farming and fishing villages consisted of older persons; relatively few able-bodied men and women remained to work in the fields or to fish. This trend was apparent in government statistics for the 1986-87 period: the proportion of people fifty years old or older living in farming communities grew from 28. The nationwide percentages for people fifty years old or older and in their twenties were, in 1986, 14. Twothirds of this growth was attributable to migration rather than to natural increase. Surveys revealed that "new employment or seeking a new job," "job transfer," and "business" were major reasons given by new immigrants for coming to the capital. Other factors cited by immigrants included "education" and "a more convenient area to live. In the late 1980s, statistics revealed that the daytime or commuter population of downtown Seoul was work as much as six is times the officially registered population. If the master plan cessful, suc- many commuters will travel to in a core area nearer their decrease.
The leadership moment: Nine true stories of triumph and disaster and their lessons for us all blood sugar 600 discount glipizide 10 mg mastercard. Intelligence Analysis: Behavioral and Social Scientific Foundations B Biographical Sketches of Authors and Staff Baruch Fischhoff (Chair) is Howard Heinz University Professor in the Departments of Social and Decision Sciences and of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University blood sugar very high buy glipizide on line amex. His research includes risk communication diabetes death order cheap glipizide on line, analysis blood sugar urine test purchase glipizide 10 mg with mastercard, and management; adolescent and medical decision making; national security; and environmental protection. He is a past president of the Society for Risk Analysis and a recipient of its Distinguished Achievement Award, and he is a past president of the Society for Judgment and Decision Making. He is a fellow of the American Psychological Society and of the American Psychological Association, and he is an elected member of the Institute of Medicine. Arkes is a professor in the Department of Psychology and a fellow at the Moritz College of Law at Ohio State University. His research focuses on judgment and decision making, medical decision making, and economic decision making. He serves on the editorial boards for the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, the Journal of Judgment and Decision Making, the Journal of Medical Decision Making, and Psychological Science. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Silver professor of politics at New York University. In the broad context of international conflict, foreign policy formation, and nation building, his current research focuses on the links between political institutions, economic growth, and political change. He is also investigating the causes and consequences of international conflict, as well as national security policy forecasting and analysis. He is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the American Political Science Association, the International Studies Association, and the Peace Science Society. Cherie Chauvin, Study Director, is a program officer at the National Research Council, working on several studies and workshops relevant to defense and national security issues. Previously, he served as deputy director of national intelligence for analysis at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and chairman of the National Intelligence Council, and as assistant secretary of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research at the U. His many books and articles have focused mostly on national security and aspects of Chinese politics and policy making. Hamada Professor of Behavioral Science in the Graduate School of Business at the University of Chicago. Previously, he held positions at Harvard University, Northwestern University, and the University of Colorado. His primary research interests are in the areas of judgment and decision making (managerial, legal, medical, engineering, and personal), memory and cognition, and social psychology. Currently, he is studying the psychology of investment decisions; the role of explanations in category concept representations (including the effects on category classification, deductive, and inductive inferences); civil jury decision making (punitive damages and sexual harassment); the primitive sources of confidence and probability judgments; decision-making competencies across the adult life span; and neural substrates of risky decisions. He has held a variety of assignments in both military intelligence and academia, including at Hurlburt Field, Florida; Prince Sultan Air Base, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea; as well as an assistant professor of behavioral sciences and leadership at the U. His mixed background in academia and operational intelligence has led to his major focus on applying academic theory to , and empirical study of, intelligence analysis methods that can improve the quality of intelligence training and analysis. Beach Professor of Management Sciences at the School of Management, a professor of public health at the School of Public Health, and a professor of engineering in the School of Engineering and Applied Science, all at Yale University. His recent research has focused on issues in counterterrorism, including the tactical prevention of suicide bombings, bioterror preparedness, and response logistics in the event of a smallpox or anthrax attack. His work on smallpox received the 2003 Koopman Prize of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, and his research evaluating suicide bomber detector schemes received the same award in 2005.
Nice-to-Know Communication Even when individuals understand the intended meaning of an analytical result diabetes symptoms nz buy glipizide 10mg overnight delivery, they may lack an intuitive feeling for why it was made and how much to trust it diabetes type 1 fatigue discount 10 mg glipizide with amex. Without that understanding diabete quebec emploi discount 10 mg glipizide overnight delivery, they may lack the feeling of self-efficacy needed to rely on it diabetes test wiki purchase glipizide 10 mg amex. If one perspective is more natural, communications should use it; if not, then presenting both perspectives allows recipients to triangulate. For example, it seems unintuitive that while only one car ride in 5 million ends in a fatal crash, one life in 200 does. Psychology has a long tradition of studying the mental models that individuals use when thinking about how their world works (Johnson-Laird, 1983; Rouse and Morris, 1986). Studies have examined thinking in domains as diverse as reading maps, reasoning syllogistically, following instructions, interpreting personal health signs, predicting physical mechanics, making sense of physiological processes. These studies all begin with a normative analysis, summarizing the relevant science in something like influence-diagram form. They proceed to descriptive studies capable of revealing intuitive beliefs, including ones very different from the normative standard. The studies then seek prescriptive interventions for bridging the gap between the normative ideal and descriptive reality. The descriptive studies often reveal heuristics, or rules of thumb, that allow people to approximate solutions to problems for which they lack needed information or skills. The judgment heuristics described by Spellman (this volume, Chapter 6) and Arkes and Kajdasz (this volume, Chapter 7) might be used similarly, while taking care to avoid the biases they can produce. For example, using the availability heuristic means evaluating the probability of an event by how easily instances come to mind. It can be a useful guide, unless some examples are disproportionately available. Analysts might reduce this threat by presenting balanced sets of examples and explicitly noting ones that might be neglected. Other heuristics are domain specific, like those used to predict how explosives work, gases disperse, traffic moves, or inflation behaves. Communications may fail unless they make sense to people, given these normal ways of thinking (or mental models). When those heuristics are accurate, that part of the analytical story need not be explained. If clients lack that heuristic, then it needs to be explained in intuitively plausible terms. If clients hold contradictory heuristics, then evoking both may help, so that clients can think about their relative strength. For example, "If we make that gesture, it will be interpreted as a drop in the bucket, rather than as a foot in the door, toward deeper engagement. For example, typically seeing people in similar circumstances leads to the fundamental attribution error (Arkes and Kajdasz, this volume, Chapter 7), whereby observers exaggerate the power of personality factors, relative to situational pressures, in shaping behavior. Similarly, analyses that predict orderly public reaction to emergencies may confront the widespread myth of mass panic. It might be undermined by noting (1) that memory can conflate movie scenes with reality, (2) that people running from problems may be acting rationally and cooperatively (as in the 9/11 evacuations), (3) that feeling panicky rarely leads to panic behavior, and (4) that, in emergencies, most people are rescued by "ordinary citizens," who happen to be there, before professional rescuers arrive to do their brave work trying to save the last few lives (Wessely, 2005). Extrapolation the relevancy of these results (and others like them) to communicating analytical results in any specific setting depends on how different the real situation is from the conditions that behavioral scientists have studied. To a first approximation, basic decision-making skills are acquired by the mid-teen years and retained through life (Fischhoff, 2008; Reyna and Farley, 2006). Thus, how people think in behavioral studies should not be that different from how people think in other settings. However, most behavioral research involves individuals without subject matter expertise. As a result, conclusions based on what people think must be generalized cautiously.
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