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Cecilia Dallari Brittany Daniels Elizabeth Davis Barry De Jasu John Deddy Alexander Degtyarev Adrian Devlin Rdsfd Dfs Maki Diaz Bene Diktbraun Maria Diniz Allison Duncan Michele Duncan Sara Eisner Susan Farquhar Sherry Farrar Christine Farrugia Frank Farrugia Yvonne Fast Muhannad Faza Charles Fitze Sam Fleischer Judit Flohr Tina Florell Steve Frankham Leslie Frederick Roxanne Friedenfels Anna Frondoso Rodriguez Ignacio Garcia Luis Garcia Eliana Gazzoli Sonali Ghosh Ken Gigliello Sharon Gooding Abby Gorenstein Susan Gort Linda Gregg Annalee Gregory Hilary Grossmann Lily Guerrero Orva M Gullett Christina Hartmann Nancy Hauer Peter Haworth Penelope Heintz Steffen Heise Andrew Heiserman Sandra Hendricks Mari Carmen Herrejon Susan Hettleman Alan Hickling Mary Hilton Paule Hjertaas Lynn Hoang Angelika Hofmann Janine Hofmann David Howd George Howe Connie Howes Luca Iacobone Pierluigi Iacono Stephane Iafrate Yasuhisa Iwakawa John Jensen Kelli Johnson Ruth Johnson Anne Jones Mark Jones Petra Jones Skip Jones Maggie Kalabakas Anne Karlsson Sofia Karvouna Aaron Kenna Rachel Kennedy Joe Kerka Ian Kinniburgh Suzanne Kirby Lisa Kirschner Tom Knott Judith Knouff Jelena Koki Kelsey Koll Lori Koon Ina Kornblum Doug Krause Ian Kruger Sandra Lail Brett Langridge Laurie Laursen Diamond J Legend S J Lenko R L Lennon Nicole Leseigneur Mireille Leveille Terry Lewis Sivalla Lin Tatiana Lisina Christian Llulll Libbi Logue-Mcfarland Deborah Long Chris Loo Angela Lucido Laura Lumachini Sheila M symptoms vitamin b12 deficiency order 250mg depakote with mastercard. The use of these animals also presents some unique ethical issues medicinenetcom medications buy depakote online, particularly in light of more recent studies of animal behavior and cognition that reveal more information about how animals think symptoms in dogs discount depakote 500mg line, communicate and function in social groups treatment of chlamydia discount depakote 500 mg otc. The working group process will include multiple meetings over time, with a workplan, timeline, and potential additional funding sources to be discussed at the first working group meeting. He took graduate degrees from Yale University and the Johns Hopkins University, where he received his Ph. He then joined the faculty of the Philosophy Department at Georgetown University and in the mid-1970s accepted a joint appointment at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics. In late 1975, he joined the staff of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, where he wrote the bulk of the Belmont Report (1978). His Philosophical Ethics (McGraw-Hill, 3rd edition, 2001) is a work in ethical theory. Publications also include a number of edited and co-edited anthologies and over 170 scholarly articles in journals and books. Many of his articles on biomedical ethics were collected and republished early in 2010 by the Oxford University Press under the title Standing on Principles: Collected Works. Frey) the Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics-a comprehensive, state-of-the-art presentation of the field-and he has also coedited (with George G. Brenkert) the Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics, a similarly comprehensive volume on the subject. Beauchamp is one of three editors of the Clarendon Hume, a critical edition of the works of David Hume under continuous publication by Clarendon Press, Oxford. Beauchamp has himself issued three volumes in the Clarendon Hume and is currently completing his fourth and final volume. In 2010 he was presented the Henry Beecher Award of the Hastings Center, New York, for a lifetime of contributions to research ethics and other areas of bioethics. In 1994, Indiana University made Beauchamp the first award winner of its "Memorial Award for Furthering Greater Understanding and Exchange of Opinions between the Professions of Law and Medicine. My research interests include understanding the causes, correlates, and consequences of individual variation in biobehavioral organization in nonhuman primate species. Biobehavioral organization reflects patterns of personality, behavioral and emotional responsiveness, and physiological organization that are stable within individuals and across situations, but which can differ between individuals. The second area of focus has been on identifying how stable individual difference factors can influence adaptation in captive management of nonhuman primates: a "personalized," one-size-does-not-fit-all, approach to colony management. My development of a BioBehavioral Assessment program in 2001 has enabled us to identify temperament dimensions that are associated with successful pairings, elevated risk for diarrhea, and a tendency to display abnormal behavior. His dissertation on the intersection of ethics, history and epistemology in laboratory animal welfare policy became his 2004 book: What Animals Want: Advocacy and Expertise in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy (Oxford University Press). His research in animal welfare science and policy focus primarily on pain management for laboratory animals. Her work focuses on the long-term goal of replacing the use of animals in harmful research and testing and the ongoing development and implementation of nonanimal alternatives. These efforts involve educating the public about the plight of animals in laboratories, reaching out to the scientific community, regulators, policymakers, and legislators to spur change; engaging in dialogue with corporations; publishing technical papers; and representing the animal protection community on scientific and other committees. She also worked as the supervisor of care at the Center for Great Apes, a sanctuary for chimpanzees and orangutans. She is the author and editor of 9 books, including Ethics and Animals: An Introduction (Cambridge, 2011), the Ethics of Captivity (Oxford, 2014), and Entangled Empathy (Lantern, 2015). Her work is in practical ethics, social and political philosophy, and feminist philosophy. She is currently completing an edited volume Critical Terms for Animals Studies for University of Chicago Press and working on a monograph Current Debates in Animal Minds for Yale University Press. She led the development of major policies that enable science to advance more rapidly including enhancing clinical trials, data sharing, and participation of patients as partners in research. Hudson was an Associate Professor in the Berman Institute of Bioethics, Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics. His research focuses on the behavioral and physiological consequences of laboratory environments for research animals, and how those may impact experiments.
The fatty acid chains are hydrophobic and exclude themselves from water medicine 223 buy depakote 500 mg on-line, whereas the phosphate is hydrophilic and interacts with water medicine park cabins buy 500mg depakote fast delivery. The fatty acids of phospholipids face inside fungal nail treatment buy depakote cheap online, away from water treatment alternatives buy depakote with a mastercard, whereas the phosphate group can face either the outside environment or the inside of the cell, which are both aqueous. Steroids and Waxes Unlike the phospholipids and fats discussed earlier, steroids have a ring structure. Although they do not resemble other lipids, they are grouped with them because they are also hydrophobic. All steroids have four, linked carbon rings and several of them, like cholesterol, have a short tail. Cholesterol is mainly synthesized in the liver and is the precursor of many steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol. Cholesterol is the precursor of bile salts, which help in the breakdown of fats and their subsequent absorption by cells. Although cholesterol is often spoken of in negative terms, it is necessary for the proper functioning of the body. Plants also have waxes, such as the coating on their leaves, that helps prevent them from drying out. For an additional perspective on lipids, explore "Biomolecules: the Lipids" through this interactive animation openstaxcollege. Proteins Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Each cell in a living system may contain thousands of different proteins, each with a unique function. The functions of proteins are very diverse because there are 20 different chemically distinct amino acids that form long chains, and the amino acids can be in any order. Enzymes, which are produced by living cells, are catalysts in biochemical reactions (like digestion) and are usually proteins. Each enzyme is specific for the substrate (a reactant that binds to an enzyme) upon which it acts. Enzymes can function to break molecular bonds, to rearrange bonds, or to form new bonds. An example of an enzyme is salivary amylase, which breaks down amylose, a component of starch. Hormones are chemical signaling molecules, usually proteins or steroids, secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. Changes in temperature, pH, and exposure to chemicals may lead to permanent changes in the shape of the protein, leading to a loss of function or denaturation (to be discussed in more detail later). All proteins are made up of different arrangements of the same 20 kinds of amino acids. Every amino acid also has another variable atom or group of atoms bonded to the central carbon atom known as the R group. The R group is the only difference in structure between the 20 amino acids; otherwise, the amino acids are identical (Figure 2. The chemical nature of the R group determines the chemical nature of the amino acid within its protein (that is, whether it is acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar). The carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid combine, releasing a water molecule. While the terms polypeptide and protein are sometimes used interchangeably, a polypeptide is technically a polymer of amino acids, whereas the term protein is used for a polypeptide or polypeptides that have combined together, have a distinct shape, and have a unique function. For example, scientists have determined that human cytochrome c contains 104 amino acids. For each cytochrome c molecule that has been sequenced to date from different organisms, 37 of these amino acids appear in the same position in each cytochrome c. On comparing the human and chimpanzee protein sequences, no sequence difference was found. When human and rhesus monkey sequences were compared, a single difference was found in one amino acid. In contrast, human-to-yeast comparisons show a difference in 44 amino acids, suggesting that humans and chimpanzees have a more recent common ancestor than humans and the rhesus monkey, or humans and yeast.
The scrotum houses the testicles or testes (singular: testis) medications known to cause weight gain generic 250mg depakote with visa, and provides passage for blood vessels medicine zetia purchase depakote online pills, nerves treatment 2 prostate cancer cheap depakote master card, and muscles related to testicular function medications used to treat fibromyalgia effective 500 mg depakote. The testes are a pair of male gonads that produce sperm and reproductive hormones. The penis drains urine from the urinary bladder and is a copulatory organ during intercourse (Figure 18. The penis contains three tubes of erectile tissue that become engorged with blood, making the penis erect, in preparation for intercourse. During orgasm, the accessory organs and glands connected to the testes contract and empty the semen (containing sperm) into the urethra and the fluid is expelled from the body by muscular contractions causing ejaculation. The walls of the seminiferous tubules are made up of the developing sperm cells, with the least developed sperm at the periphery of the tubule and the fully developed sperm next to the lumen. The sperm cells are associated with Sertoli cells that nourish and promote the development of the sperm. Other cells present between the walls of the tubules are the interstitial cells of Leydig, which produce testosterone once the male reaches adolescence. When the sperm have developed flagella they leave the seminiferous tubules and enter the epididymis (Figure 18. This structure lies along the top and posterior of the testes and is the site of sperm maturation. The sperm leave the epididymis and enter the vas deferens, which carries the sperm behind the bladder, and forms the ejaculatory duct with the duct from the seminal vesicles. During a vasectomy, a section of the vas deferens is removed, preventing sperm (but not the secretions of the accessory glands) from being passed out of the body during ejaculation and preventing fertilization. The bulk of the semen comes from the accessory glands associated with the male reproductive system. These are the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral gland (Figure 18. The secretions from the accessory glands provide important compounds for the sperm including nutrients, electrolytes, and pH buffering. Male Reproductive Anatomy Organ Scrotum Penis Testes Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Location External External Internal Internal Internal Function Supports testes and regulates their temperature Delivers urine, copulating organ Produce sperm and male hormones Contribute to semen production Contributes to semen production Neutralize urine in urethra Bulbourethtral Glands Internal Table 18. These include the breasts and the vulva, which consists of the mons pubis, clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, and the vestibular glands (Figure 18. Internal female reproductive structures include ovaries, oviducts, the uterus, and the vagina (Figure 18. The outermost layer of the ovary is made up of follicles, each consisting of one or more follicular cells that surround, nourish, and protect a single egg. During the menstrual period, a batch of follicular cells develops and prepares their eggs for release. Following ovulation, the follicular tissue that surrounded the ovulated egg stays within the ovary and grows to form a solid mass called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes additional estrogen and the hormone progesterone that helps maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy. The oviducts, or fallopian tubes, extend from the uterus in the lower abdominal cavity to the ovaries, but they are not in contact with the ovaries. The lateral ends of the oviducts flare out into a trumpetlike structure and have a fringe of finger-like projections called fimbrae. When an egg is released at ovulation, the fimbrae help the nonmotile egg enter into the tube. The cilia beat, and the smooth muscle contracts, moving the egg toward the uterus. Fertilization usually takes place within the oviduct and the developing embryo is moved toward the uterus. Sterilization in women is called a tubal ligation; it is analogous to a vasectomy in males in that the oviducts are severed and sealed, preventing sperm from reaching the egg. The uterus has a thick muscular wall and is lined with an endometrium rich in blood vessels and mucus glands that develop and thicken during the female cycle. Thickening of the endometrium prepares the uterus to receive the fertilized egg or zygote, which will then implant itself in the endometrium.
That information is used to develop strategies and design public health policies to reduce the incidence of a disease or to prevent its spread treatment for vertigo 250mg depakote with visa. On the contrary medicine 91360 proven depakote 500mg, pathogens represent only a very small percentage of the diversity of the microbial world medications for bipolar disorder purchase depakote 250mg amex. In fact medicine pictures buy discount depakote 500 mg, our life and all life on this planet would not be possible without prokaryotes. Prokaryotes, and Food and Beverages According to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, biotechnology is "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make [4] or modify products or processes for specific use. However, humans have used prokaryotes to create products before the term biotechnology was even coined. And some of the goods and services are as simple as cheese, yogurt, sour cream, vinegar, cured sausage, sauerkraut, and fermented seafood that contains both bacteria and archaea (Figure 13. Evidence suggests that cultured milk products, like yogurt, have existed for at least 4,000 years. Using Prokaryotes to Clean up Our Planet: Bioremediation Microbial bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes (or microbial metabolism) to remove pollutants. Bioremediation has been used to remove agricultural chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) that leach from soil into groundwater. Certain toxic metals, such as selenium and arsenic compounds, can also - - be removed from water by bioremediation. The reduction of SeO 2 to SeO 2 and to Se0 (metallic 4 3 selenium) is a method used to remove selenium ions from water. Mercury is an example of a toxic metal that can be removed from an environment by bioremediation. Mercury is an active ingredient of some pesticides; it is used in industry and is also a byproduct of certain industries, such as battery production. Mercury is usually present in very low concentrations in natural environments but it is highly toxic because it accumulates in living tissues. Several species of bacteria can carry out the biotransformation of toxic mercury into nontoxic forms. These bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, can convert Hg2+ to Hg0, which is nontoxic to humans. The importance of prokaryotes to petroleum bioremediation has been demonstrated in several oil spills in recent years, such as the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska (1989) (Figure 13. To clean up these spills, bioremediation is promoted by adding inorganic nutrients that help bacteria already present in the environment to grow. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria feed on the hydrocarbons in the oil droplet, breaking them into inorganic compounds. Some species, such as Alcanivorax borkumensis, produce surfactants that solubilize the oil, while other bacteria degrade the oil into carbon dioxide. Under ideal conditions, it has been reported that up to 80 percent of the nonvolatile components in oil can be degraded within 1 year of the spill. Other oil fractions containing aromatic and highly branched hydrocarbon chains are more difficult to remove and remain in the environment for longer periods of time. Researchers have genetically engineered other bacteria to consume petroleum products; indeed, the first patent application for a bioremediation application in the U. We are accustomed to thinking of ourselves as single organisms, but in reality, we are walking ecosystems. There are 10 to 100 times as many bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies as we have cells in our bodies. Some of these are in mutually beneficial relationships with us, in which both the human host and the bacterium benefit, while some of the relationships are classified as commensalism, a type of relationship in which the bacterium benefits and the human host is neither benefited nor harmed. Human gut flora lives in the large intestine and consists of hundreds of species of bacteria and archaea, with different individuals containing different species mixes. The term "flora," which is usually associated with plants, is traditionally used in this context because bacteria were once classified as plants. The primary functions of these prokaryotes for humans appear to be metabolism of food molecules that we cannot break down, assistance with the absorption of ions by the colon, synthesis of vitamin K, training of the infant immune system, maintenance of the adult immune system, maintenance of the epithelium of the large intestine, and formation of a protective barrier against pathogens. The different surfaces of the skin, such as the underarms, the head, and the hands, provide different habitats for different communities of prokaryotes.
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