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Although several goals-such as gender equality cholesterol foods to help lower buy lipitor on line, peace (16) and partnership (17) - need not demand much material extraction how much cholesterol in shrimp fried rice order 5 mg lipitor amex, there is little acknowledgement of the inherent contradictions between the many goals that require an increase in material flows cholesterol in quail eggs discount 40mg lipitor mastercard, and the ecological goals that seek to prevent deterioration of the biosphere cholesterol levels eating before test cheap lipitor online visa. In addition to these four areas and others not yet considered unsafe, the team has yet to quantify boundaries for atmospheric aerosols, novel entities (chemical pollution in earlier reports) and the functional role of biosphere integrity. In nature, nitrogen is largely inert in the atmosphere, though some is mobilised by bacteria and leguminous plants. As a fertiliser, nitrogen has greatly expanded food production, but is now cascading through rivers, groundwater and continental shelves, initiating algal blooms and dead zones (Rockstrцm et al. In the case of phosphorous, the other ubiquitous fertiliser, there is an added threat- phosphate rock is a declining resource, commanding a rising price; this has grim implications for future agriculture (Cordell et al 2009), especially where populations lack adequate finance to import it. Industrial farming is a crucial pressure on all four planetary boundaries judged to be in trouble; it affects biodiversity loss, nitrogen and phosphorous pollution, land-use change, and climate. In fact, focussing on labour productivity may Ecological Economics: Solutions for the Future - 113 encourage consolidation of land under the control of larger farmers and agribusiness corporations, adding to the numbers of landless and the diversion of land for biofuel, animal food or luxury crops for export (Daniel and Mittal 2009). Peasant farmers resist the growth model, which many of them believe has been imposed on them, deepening inequality and accelerating environmental decline. Wolfenson (2013: 26) goes on to note that, alongside agro-ecology, smallholders champion. Where land is consolidated into larger farms, and smallholders lose access to their communal land and water, they may (or may not) get employment, but wages are poor and productivity gains are not shared with them. Food, fuel and profits go to markets overseas and investors, largely foreign (Daniel and Mittal 2009). Historically, industrial expansion is linked to escalating energy demand and land system conversion; associated emissions have risen steadily for two centuries, accelerating since 1950 (Steffen et al. The pace of this activity has fluctuated, and has slowed since its peak in 2010 (Ibid. Such strategies are vital, but no mention is made of the role of consumerism as a driver of the economic growth that is considered to be the bedrock of our economy (see Higgs 2014, Ch. Some detailed targets are laudable and essential, such as managing chemicals and their wastes (12. While this formulation allows room for developing countries to adjust according to their own circumstances, it lacks any categorical rejection of such subsidies in the developed world. Apart from the title line, the word sustainable is not included in the targets and indicators; economic growth is the only item that is slated to be sustained here, while the ecological basis of economies, usually regarded as intrinsic to the concept of sustainability (Daly 1990), is absent. The connection between economic growth and job-creation is also simply assumed, despite the fact that the track record of market-oriented, capital intensive expansion is not encouraging (Hirway and Shah 2011). Where the object is profit-generation under the market model, cost reduction is a routine strategy and leads to mechanisation and job-shedding. Instead, the empirical evidence shows both an ever-increasing rate of extraction (Figure 5. Ecological Economics: Solutions for the Future - 118 regarded as reasonable, we are already more than 50% over the target and still moving in the wrong direction. In addition, such throughput will increase greenhouse gas emissions by 43%, reduce forests by more than 20% and other habitats (mainly grassland and savannahs) by a similar amount (Ibid). It argues that this can be achieved through resource efficiency, technological advances and circular production with maximum reuse and recycling. There is no evidence that such useful (but inadequate) measures will exert sufficient downward pressure on the ever-increasing level of extraction. If decisions rely on short term profit and avoidance of government involvement, such policies are highly unlikely to receive widespread adoption. While the recommended strategies of efficiencies, circular production and technological advance may mitigate the problems, genuine permanent decoupling is improbable (Higgs 2019) or perhaps impossible (Victor and Jackson 2015; Alexander and Rutherford 2019). Permanent decoupling requires ongoing reductions in impacts alongside increases in material flows. The assumption that technology can enable growth in extraction and pollution rests on faith in decoupling. Unless effective action is taken, we will be extracting 190 billion tonnes of materials by 2060, almost four times the amount that numerous researchers consider sustainable (see above). In the early post-war decades, population control was a preferred emphasis of the wealthy consumer economies in dealing with hunger and poverty, diverting attention away from our own conspicuous and unsustainable consumption.

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It can be introduced in ballast water cholesterol nuts 10 mg lipitor sale, or it may hitchhike on the hulls of boats cholesterol lowering foods omega 3 cheap lipitor 20mg on-line, or with commercial shellfish stock or equipment what causes cholesterol in shrimp buy discount lipitor 10mg on line. Feral swine are escaped domestic pigs whose rooting behavior can have several effects: waterway habitat degradation cholesterol levels nz normal range order generic lipitor online, provision of an invasion pathway for non-native plants, and damage to agricultural crops and lands. They burrow into the banks of streams and agricultural canals, destabilizing natural stream systems and human agricultural infrastructure. The Norway rat is common in urban settings in the Northwest region and is closely affiliated with human structures. We also appreciate the critical comments from four anonymous reviewers on an earlier version of the manuscript. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 660 p Djoumad A, Nisole A, Zahiri R et al (2017) Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes of geographic variants of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, reveals a previously undescribed genotypic entity. Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance, Federal State Budgetary Institution, All-Russia Plant Quarantine Service, Ogden. In: Onken B, Reardon R (eds) Implementation and status of biological control of the hemlock woolly adelgid. In: Proceedings 66th annual pacific northwest insect management conference, January 8­9, 2007, pp 5­6. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 103:1011­1019 Murray T, LaGasa E, Glass J (2012) Pest alert: Red lily leaf beetle. Home Gardening Series, Washington State University Extension Publication, Pullman. J Integr Pest Manag 5:1­13 Rosetta R (2013) Azalea lace bug: biology and management in commercial nurseries and landscapes. Am Sci 84:468­478 Washington Invasive Species Council (2012) Stop the invasion: Bark boring moths. Fact Sheet, Washington State Recreation and Conservation Office, Washington Invasive Species Council. Aridity is perhaps the dominant climatic feature framing the forest ecosystems of the Southwest (Peterson 2012). Future climate conditions projected for the southern portion of this region predict a trend of increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation (Cayan et al. Changing climate will likely place water stress on native trees and other plants, perhaps accelerating the establishment of invasive species (Peterson 2012) and amplifying outbreaks of native pest species (Breshears et al. This region also features a wide range of non-native ornamental plants in urban and rural areas, enormously productive and diverse agroecosystems, and huge tracts of public lands with grazing impacts that favor the establishment and spread of invasive plants and pathogens by wild and domestic ungulates and other animals. From a sociological perspective, the diverse human population of the region provides linkages to many overseas source populations of invasive species, whereas numerous maritime and overland ports-of-entry as well as U. In some cases, only biological control agents (if available) Appendix: Regional Summaries Table A4. Invasive plants that appeared in four or more State lists were included in this table. Additional invasive plants that may have occurred in fewer than four regional States were included if local vegetation specialists deemed them to be particularly significant. Several prominent invasive plant species found in the Southwest region are discussed below. Among the invasive plant species, buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) is the single greatest threat to desert ecosystems in the warmer latitudes of the Southwest region. Buffelgrass is an invasive bunchgrass from tropical and subtropical arid regions of Africa and Western Asia that was developed in the United States as a drought-tolerant forage grass (Marshall et al. The perennial species was first planted successfully in Texas in the 1940s for forage and in Arizona in the 1950s to stabilize soils (Marshall et al. Although buffelgrass seed is spread long distances by wind, vehicles, and other means, individual patches of buffelgrass can double in place every 2­7 years (Olsson et al. Buffelgrass can outcompete native desert vegetation for water, nutrients, and sunlight. It also forms dense infestations that allow fires to spread across the landscape on a cyclical basis. The Sonoran Desert evolved without fire, and most native plant species in the desert such as the iconic saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) are fire-intolerant. Also of concern is musk thistle (Carduus nutans), which is a spiny invasive weed in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) with highly branched stems and purplish-red disk flowers.

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Staging of the Self cholesterol xrd discount lipitor, the Practice of Freedom and Self-Organization In addition to these and other external characteristics cholesterol yellow eyes effective lipitor 10mg, three further ones are of major significance for the self-culture cholesterol levels 60 year old woman buy discount lipitor 20mg on-line. Only with difficulty cholesterol levels shrimp scallops cheap lipitor express, if at all, can this be circumscribed and directed from above into certain goals and forms of commitment (party, trade union or church membership etc. This differs from mere participation, which assumes a hierarchical division of jurisdiction and authority and sorts out who should be involved in what. Self-organization demands what is still denied in participation ­ namely, the right of citizens to take charge of matters they deem important. We must be careful not to equate this with emancipation and all the other fine things proclaimed by theorists of democracy. It is a question not just of occasionally voting people in and out, but of complaining, campaigning and acting about all things possible and impossible. Its autonomous logic of selforganization sets it apart from the money economy as much as from ballot-box democracy. It requires institutional props and resources ­ for example, basic social and political rights ­ which are internalized through education and practised in areas of free activity. A self-culture presupposes what it also demands: preparedness for conflict, capacity for compromise, civil courage, curiosity, tolerance of ambiguity and so on, even in relation to the uglier aspects of the self-culture. With the disappearance of physical and social nature, many new aspects become matters for decision. Here citizens discover the act of shopping as one in which they can always cast their ballot ­ on a world scale, no less. Are consumer society and direct politics thus beginning to come together and to bypass parties, parliaments and governments? It might even be asked whether actions of that kind are not spectacles that distract attention from the truly important questions of environmental politics. But that would be to confuse self-culture politics with establishment politics, failing to see that it is, for example, both expressionist and impressionist. Selfculture politics is expressionist because it feels and develops its power and identity by dealing in symbolically generated mass media effects. In other words, the successes of self-culture politics should be measured by quite different yardsticks from those of governmental and parliamentary politics. Here success means a direct and tangible link-up between private actions that may have little meaning by themselves (filling a petrol tank, for example) and outcomes in which individuals can feel themselves to be authors of global political acts that would otherwise not have happened. The fascination of self-culture politics is precisely this inversion whereby the non-political becomes political and the political non-political, in such a way that individuals feel themselves to be originators of political intervention and (perhaps quite illusorily) political subjects crossing boundaries and breaching the system. Insofar as the self-culture becomes conscious of itself politically, a new kind of competitive relationship thus arises between self-organized and representative forms of political action. This means that the political system is losing its monopoly of politics in the emphatic sense of the term, its claim to be the only legitimate site and subject for bargaining and decisions about the weal and woe. Alongside the forms and forums of parliamentary democracy, forms and forums of a politically self-active culture are taking shape. State politics and self-politics can neither copy nor replace one another: each has its characteristic ways of influencing events; they compete with one another (although by no means on equal terms) for the space of the political. The power of system politics waxes and wanes with the resources it has at its disposal, but it also varies negatively with the growth of an independent selfculture politics. But its relative strength derives from its combination of universality (it can intervene anywhere on any issue) with ad hoc forms of commitment that shield it from outside control ­ its impressionist imperialism, we might call it. Self-politics gains ground when system politics has long failed to suffice in all spheres of society: family, economy, church, clubs and associations and so on. Self-politics may also show off the superiority of republican over democratic claims. This is precisely why, if there is a conflict, it may be legitimate to deploy self-politics against the politics (or lack of it) of politicians ­ whatever the prospects of success. It can be seen from this that republican morality is a function of spontaneity; it cannot be organized by state action as something on the side. There is one very simple rule for the facilitation of self-cultures: make rights and minimal resources available and then leave people alone.

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In Italy cholesterol levels high discount lipitor 20mg online, this veil first melted into air hdl cholesterol in quail eggs lipitor 20 mg on-line, an objective treatment and consideration of the state and of all the things of this world became possible cholesterol hdl ratio heart disease risk purchase lipitor 5 mg line. The subjective side at the same time asserted itself with corresponding emphasis; man became a spiritual individual cholesterol in shrimp cocktail discount lipitor 20 mg without a prescription, and recognized himself as such. Everything is taken over by fashions; the politically indifferent private person comes into being; biographies and autobiographies are written and invented; women are educated according to masculine ideals. Anyone reading this and similar accounts will ask: what is new and specific in the individualization processes of the second half of the twentieth century? The new element is, first, the democratization of individualization processes and, second (and closely connected), the fact that basic conditions in society favour or enforce individualization (the job market, the need for mobility and training, labour and social legislation, pension provisions etc. This history of the spread to pre-eminence of individualizations can be illustrated by various social phenomena and formations. Such will now be done by means of an exemplary sketch of the social history of marriage. To state our thesis at the outset: whereas marriage was earlier first and foremost an institution sui generis raised above the individual, today it is becoming more and more a product and construct of the individuals forming it. It was a socially binding mode of living and working which was largely inaccessible to individual intervention. It prescribed to men and women what they had to do and not to do even in the details of daily life, work, economic behaviour and sexuality. But the social mesh of the family and village community was tight, and possibilities of control were omnipresent. Anyone who infringed the prevailing norms therefore had to reckon with rigorous sanctions. This emerges clearly through what seems to be an example of the contrary, a hard-won divorce reported by Gisela Bock and Barbara Duden (1977): In the early 18th century, in the Seine/Maine region of France, two people appeared before the responsible church court: Jean Plicque, a vintner in Villenoy and Catherine Giradin, his wife. Seven months earlier she had with difficulty achieved a separation of bed and board on grounds of absolute incompatibility. Apart from church and monastery, there was no basis for material existence outside marriage. Marriage was not held together by the love, self-discovery or self-therapy of two wageearners seeking each other and themselves, but was founded on religious obligation and materially anchored in the marital forms of work and life. Anyone who wishes to understand the meaning of this institution of marriage must leave aside the individuals and place at the centre the overarching whole of an order finally founded on God and the afterlife. Here marriage did not serve individual happiness, but was a means for achieving succession, hereditary family rule in the case of the nobility and so on. The stability of the social order and hierarchy depended on it in a very tangible way. With the beginning of the modern age the higher meanings superimposed on forms of social existence were loosened. With the separation of the family from the economic sphere, the working, economic unit of husband and wife was ruptured. Characteristically, the response to this dissolution of the material basis of the marriage community was a heightening of the moral and legal underpinnings of marriage. In exemplary fashion, the general element is equated with power ­ here, that of the husband. All exaggerated individualistic tendencies are thereby denied an effect on marital law. By it the Beelzebub of individualism was supposed to be sprinkled and driven out with the holy water of tradition. Family registers are an unopened treasure trove of idealized family images proclaimed, as it were, ex cathedra. Two of them will be juxtaposed here: one from the time of National Socialism and one from the 1970s in the German Federal Republic. The prefatory remarks make clear the individualistic conversion that has taken place in Germany ­ even officially ­ within three decades.

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